References

“References available upon request.” Does that line look familiar on your résumé? Have you thought about who you’ll ask to be your references—or how many you should include? Can you list family or friends since they know you best and can speak to your work ethic?

Most employers will request references before making a job offer. The strongest references come from previous employers who can speak to your skills, integrity, and work ethic. The best choices are supervisors, managers, or co-workers—especially those with higher titles who know your work well. Always ask for permission before listing someone as a reference, and let them know the type of job you’re pursuing. It’s also helpful to share a copy of your résumé so they can speak confidently about your background when contacted.

Only request references from people who think positively of you. If you know your current or former supervisor may not provide a strong recommendation, choose someone else in the organization who can—such as another manager, your supervisor’s supervisor, or a colleague who’s familiar with your work. Avoid listing family members or friends unless they can genuinely speak to your professional skills and qualifications.

In most cases, you should use professional references unless an employer specifically requests personal or character references. You might also consider professors, organization or club leaders, clients, or others who can speak to your professional abilities. All should be individuals who know your work well.

Never include references directly on your résumé. Instead, create a separate page titled “Professional References.” (See sample.) List three to five references and include your name and contact information at the top—matching your résumé header. Unless otherwise requested, use work contact information for your references. For each person, include their name, title, organization, address, phone number, and email. If their title doesn’t clearly indicate your relationship, add a note in parentheses—for example, (former supervisor).

Do not include your reference list with your cover letter or résumé unless the employer specifically requests it. Most employers request references after an interview, so be sure to bring a copy with you. Print it on the same quality paper as your résumé and review it carefully before sharing. Proofread, proofread, and proofread again—attention to detail matters.