APA Style FAQs

(Click a question below to see the answer)

• What is the APA style? My paper is due, and it must be written in APA style, especially the references.

  APA style focuses on the needs of presenting psychological information. APA style generally omits the general rules explained in widely available style books and examples of usage that have nothing to do with the behavioral and social sciences.

  A great starting point for finding information about the APA style is in the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which is a large reference book that contains hundreds of guidelines on how to format references, statistics, tables, punctuation, and grammar. It also contains writing tips and instructions about how to format your papers according to APA. You should be able to find this book in your school and local libraries.

• Does APA offer a workbook on APA style?

  Yes. Mastering APA Style is a workbook that helps students learn the APA style.

• In referencing periodicals, what's the difference between using "p." and "pp." for the page numbers?

  If a periodical includes a volume number, italicize it and then change to regular type and give the page range without "pp." Example: 34(1), 40-42. If the periodical does not use volume numbers, include "pp." before the page numbers, so the reader will understand that the numbers refer to pagination. Example: title, pp 40-42. Use "p." if the source is a page or less. Example: p. 1.

• How do I format a bibliography in APA style?

  APA style calls for a list of References instead of a bibliography or Works Cited page. The requirements for a reference list are that all references cited in the text of a paper must be listed alphabetically by the first author's last name. Therefore, all references in the reference list must occur and be cited somewhere in the paper.

  The list of references is double spaced and uses the hanging indent.

• What is a hanging indent?

  A hanging indent is how the sources in a reference list are typed. The first line of the hanging indent is written flush with the left margin, and any additional lines are indented a few spaces (usually a tab or about five spaces) to the right of the left margin. See example below:

  Nicol, A. A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999). Presenting your findings: A practical
       guide for creating tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological
       Association.

  The above questions come from:
  Frequently Asked Questions. (2003). Retrieved March 26, 2003, from http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html

• What are some of the general rules for a reference list using APA style?
  • Use a hanging indent
  • Only initials are used for the author's first and middle names. Names are also inverted, last to first to middle. Example: Miller, J. K.
  • Single spaces separate each element.
  • List is alphabetized by the last name of the first author.
  • If author is unknown, the source is alphabetized by the title of the source.
  • Only the first letter of the first word of the title of books and articles is capitalized, with the exception of proper nouns. The first word of subtitles (after a colon) is also capitalized. Everything else is written lowercase.

Frequently Asked Questions for In-Text Citations

• How do I cite my sources using the in-text citation method?

  Parenthetical citations within the text of your paper are very important to help your reader's find the information that you have used, and to guard against plagiarism. APA requires that you cite all quotes, paraphrases, summaries, and any other sources that you use that is not your own wording.

  • An in-text citation should always be placed in parentheses.
  • If a specific page is being referenced, the citation should include the author's last name, the date of publication, and the specific page number being cited.
    
    Example: (Buss, 1981, p. 32)
  • If you are citing an electronic source use the paragraph number instead of a page number, if available.
    
    Example: (Buss, 1981, para. 5)
  • If, for some reason, a page number or a paragraph number are not available, direct your readers attention to the material being referenced by a heading proceeding the material, then count down from that heading to the paragraph containing your material.
    
    Example: (Myers, 2000, "Conclusion" section, para. 1)
  • If an electronic document does not indicate the name of an author, then refer to it by the first few words of the title.
    
    Example: ("Study finds," 2001)

How do I in-text cite...

• How do I cite within the text a quotation?

  Usually you want to use the quoted persons name before stating the quote. Then in parentheses at the end of the quote put a 'p.' for the page number, then the page.
  
  Example: Bayam concludes that journalists "must speak in a voice that is both institutional and representational, hierarchical as well as relational" (p. 111).

• How do I cite an author using in-text citation?

  There are two ways that you can do this. Either you can mention the authors name before the information is presented and then just put the date in parentheses like this example: Rogers (1994) compared the reaction times . . . Or you can leave out the authors name and put it in the citation with the date like this example: A recent study of reaction times (Roger, 1994) found that . . .

• What if I need to cite with in the text a source that has two authors?

  You simply would use both of their names. Example 1: Wellek and Warren (1992) found that . . . or Example 2: A recent study (Wellek and Warren, 1992) found that . . .

• What if my source that needs to be cited in the text has three to five authors?

  You simply include all the authors' names the first time they are mentioned. In any subsequent entries you would include the first author only, followed by an 'et al.'
  
  Example: Wasserstein et al. (1994) found . . .

• What if the source I have to in-text cite has more than six authors?

  Then you just allude to the first author and an et al.
  
  Example: As Miller et al. (2001) demonstrated . . .

• What if the source I have to in-text cite is a corporate author?

  You would use the full name of the organization the first time it is mentioned and then you would use the abbreviation any further times.
  
  Example: . . . (National Institute of Mental Heath [NIMH], 1991) . . .
  Example: . . . (NIMH, 1991)

• What if the source I have to cite in-text doesn't have an author?

  Then you would want to punctuate the first title words just as the source is listed in the reference list.
  
  Example: . . . on free care ("Study finds," 1982, p. 115) . . .
  Example: . . . the book College Bound Seniors (1979) . . .

• What if I have to in-text cite multiple works?

  Just list the authors with the dates in the parenthetical citation. To separate the authors use a semicolon (;) after the date of each publication.
  
  Example: Several studies (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Pepperbert & Funk, 1990) . .

• What if I have to in-text cite a number of different sources by the same author but in the same year? How will my readers be able to tell the difference?

  You would want to assign letters to each citation to distinguish them.
  
  Example: (Johnson, 1991a) (Johnson, 1991b) (Johnson, 1991c)

• What if I am in-text citing specific pages?

  Just add the specific pages following a comma after the date.
  
  Example: (Cheek and Buss, 1991, p. 332)
  Example: (Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)

• I am using a secondary source but have no idea how I would cite it in the text of my paper.

  You want to use both the citation information of the secondary source and the primary source that you retrieved it from.
  
  Example: Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis,
       Atkins, & Haller, 1993) . . . You would also want to make sure that it was the primary source
       (Coltheart, etc.) that you cite in your reference list.

• If I am just referring to a website, but not using any specific pages from the site, how to I cite it in the text?

  You would just provide the address to the website in the text. No additional information is placed in the reference list since you are not using any information from the website in your paper itself.
  
  Example: . . . (http://www.bellevue.edu) . . .

• What type of format should I use to cite a personal interview?

  A personal, unpublished interview is considered to be unrecoverable data (meaning no one else can retrieve it) so usually no reference is placed in your reference list. You can, however, place it in your paper in the form of an in-text citation.
  
  Example: (J. Smith, personal communication, August 15, 2001)
  Example: As Jeff Smith told me (Personal communication, August 15, 2001) . . .

Frequently Asked Questions for Citing Books

• What are some general guidelines for the citing of books?
  • Names are listed last name, then initials of first and middle, if an author is given.
  • If there is more than one author, separate the names with a comma, and use an ampersand (&) before the last authors name. (Smith, J, Smith, H. & Smith, B.)
  • If the authors of the book are editors, use Ed. following the name of one editor, and Eds. following the names of more than one editor.
  • Capitalize the first word in titles and subtitles, and any other proper nouns. Any other words in the title are left lowercase.
  • The place of publication should include the city name and the two letter state abbreviation, unless it is a major city everyone knows.
    Example: Less Known: Center City, MN: (followed by publisher)
    Example: Well Known: New York: (followed by publisher)
  • If there is more than one city as the area of publication, use only the first one listed.
  • Book titles are in italics.
  • Don't forget to use the hanging indent.
  • Don't forget to double space the entries.

  Note: All of the following examples are single spaced to save space in the document. Please remember: it is important that you must double space your sources in your reference list!!

How Do I Cite...

• How do I cite a book written by a single author?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Chitty, D. (1996). Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and
       ugly facts. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press.

• How do I cite a book with two or more authors?

  Author's names. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (1997). Of course you're angry: A guide to
       dealing with the emotions of substance abuse (Rev. ed.). Center City, MN:
       Hazelden.

• How do I cite a book with a corporate author?

  Corporate author. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Children's Express. (1993). Voices from the future: Our children tell us about
       violence in America. New York: Crown.

• How do I cite a book that doesn't have an author?

  Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  The Koran. (1974). New York: Crescent Books.

• How do I cite a book with editors?

  Editor's name/s. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Moen, P., Elder, G., & Luscher, K. (Eds.) (1995). Examining lives in context:
       Perspectives on the ecology of human development. Washington, DC:
       American Psychological Association.

• How do I cite an introduction, preface, foreword, article, chapter, afterward, or conclusion?

  Author of the section being cited. (Year). Name of the section being cited. In author of the actual book [initials first, then last name], Title of the book. (pp. page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Jeffery, I. (1988). Introduction. In B. Savelev, Secret city: Photographs from
       the USSR (pp. 8-12). New York: Thames and Hudson.

• Is the citing any different on books that are not first editions?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of book. (Number of edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Example 1:
  Hoff, R. (1992). I can see you naked: A new revised edition of the national
       bestseller on making fearless presentations (New rev. ed.). Kansas City,
       MO: Andrews and McMeel.

  Example 2:
  Pasachoof, J. (1992). Field guide to the stars and planets (3rd ed.). Boston:
       Houghton Mifflin.

  Note: Remember, with first editions you never have to make any special notes about it. The only time you use an edition citation is when it is not an original first edition.

• I selected my source from an anthology, so how would I end up citing it?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of selection. In Editor's name (Ed.), Title of anthology (Vol. [volume number if appropriate], pp. [page numbers of selection]). Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Updike, J. (1996). A & P. In Meyer (Ed.), The Bedford introduction to
       literature: Reading, thinking, and writing (pp. 487-491). Boston: St.
       Martin's Press.

• How do I cite a source that comes from an encyclopedia or dictionary entry?

  Author's name. (Year). Entry heading of title. In Title of anthology. (Vol. [volume number if appropriate], pp. [page numbers of selection]). Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example 1 (Signed by an author):
  Tavris, C. (1989). Queen bee syndrome. In Women's studies encyclopedia
       (Vol. 1, p. 307). New York: Greenwood Press.

  Example 2 (Not signed by an author):
  Eschatology. (1982). In Webster's new world dictionary of the American
       language (2nd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.

• I found one of my sources in a multivolume work. How do I cite it?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of multivolume work (Vol. [volume number/s]). Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example 1:
  Schlager, N. (Ed.). (1994-1999). How products are made: An illustrated
       guide to product manufacturing (Vols. 1-4). Detroit, MI: Gale Research.

  Example 2:
  Mills, L. (1996). Architecture of the Old South (Vols. 1-2). Savannah, GA:
       Beehive Foundation.

• What if, on my source, the author is the same as a publisher? Ex: A society, association, or institution are both author and publisher.

  Author's name. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Author.
  
  Example:
  American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the
       American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
       Washington, DC: Author.

  Note: You actually use the word "author" for the publisher; you do not retype the author's full name.

• I am using a chapter in a volume of a book series, how would I cite it?

  Author's name. (Year). Name of chapter. In editor of the series name & editor of the volumes name, Title of the series: title of the volume (edition number, page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Maccoby, E.E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family:
  Parent-child interaction. In P.H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E.M. Hetherington
       (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization,
       personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York:
       Wiley.

• The source that I am using is actual a translation, how would I cite it?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of book (Name of translator, Trans.). Place of Publication: Publisher. (Original work published date)
  
  Example:
  Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis (J. Strachey, Trans.). New
       York: Norton. (Original work published 1940)

  Note: The name of the translator is written first initials, then last name.

Frequently Asked Questions for Citing Periodicals (Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals)

• What are some general guidelines for citing periodicals?
  • Names are listed last name, then initials, if a name is even given.
  • You separate the names with a comma and an ampersand (&) before the last name of the last author, if more than one.
  • Titles: Articles: Capitalize the first word in titles and subtitles, and any proper nouns.
    Journals: Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions.
    Newspaper: Title is italicized, with all important words capitalized.
  • Dates: Daily Newspapers/Newsletters/Magazines: Use (Year, Month Date).
    Journals: Use (Year).
  • Issue Numbers: Include if paginated by issue
  • Pages: Newspapers: Use p. for one page, pp. for two or more pages.
    Magazines and Journals: Do not use p. or pp. before page numbers.
  • Titles of Articles: Do not use underlining, italics, or quotation marks. Just capitalize the first word of the title of the article.
  • Volume Numbers: Volume numbers are also italicized.
• What is the difference between "continuous pagination" and "issue number pagination"?

  "Continuous pagination" is where the entire volume of a journal never starts over with page 1 on a new issue. So, let's say in Volume 1, Issue 1, the journal starts on page 1 and ends on page 200. In the next issue, Issue 2, it would start on page 201 - 400. Then continue on like that for the rest of the issues in that volume. "Issue number pagination" is where every new issue always starts over with page number 1. So Issue 1 starts on page 1, Issue 2 starts on page 1, etc.

How Do I Cite...

• How do I cite an article in a journal or a magazine with a volume number and continuous pagination?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal/magazine, volume number, page numbers.
  
  Example 1:
  Watson, J.D., & Crick, F.H. (1953). A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid.
       Nature, 171, 737-738.

• How do I cite an article in a journal or a magazine that is paginated by issue?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal/magazine, volume number (or issue number - only if issue starts with page 1 rather than continuously paginated through all issues), page numbers.
  
  Example 1:
  Jones, H.M. (1997). The attractions of stupidity. The St. Croix Review, 30(2),
       6-10.

  Example 2:
  Gerry, R. (1997, April-June). Tempo training for freestyle. Swimming
       Technique, 34(1), 40-42.

  Note: Remember, the "April-June" follows this examples "year" because it is a magazine article, and when doing magazines, you include (Year, Month Day), method.

  Note: Because pagination begins anew with each new issue, it is necessary to include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number.

• How do I cite monthly periodicals?

  Author's name. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of periodical, pages numbers.
  
  Example: Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May). Aerobic writing: A writing practice model.
       Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

• How do I cite weekly periodicals?

  Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of periodical, pages numbers.
  
  Example:
  Kauffmann, S. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project.
       The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp.A1, A8.

• How do I cite an article in a newspaper?

  Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, pages.
  
  Example:
  Munsey, C., & Shuey, P.J. (1997, May 8). Bomb threats to become felony.
       The Capital, p. A1.

• How would I cite an editorial/letter to the editor in a newspaper or magazine?

  Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article [Editiorial]. Title of newspaper, pages.
  
  Example 1:
  Krauthammer, C. (2002, April 25). Why feed a mortal enemy? [Editorial]. The
       Washington Post, p.A27.

  Example 2:
  O'Neill, G.W. (1992, January). In support of DSM-III [Letter to the editor].
       APA Monitor, 4-5.

• How do I cite an unsigned article in a newspaper or magazine?

  Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Title of newspaper, pages.
  
  Example:
  Student health insurance policy. (2003, May 23). Anne Arundel College
       Campus Crier, p. 1.

• How do I cite republished or reprinted article?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of article. In Author's name, Title of source. (Reprinted from Title of Source, Volume number, (Year), pages.)
  
  Example:
  Clark, G., & Zimmerman, E. (1988). Professional roles and activities as
       models for art education. In S. Dobbs (Ed.), Research readings for
       discipline-based art education. Reston, VA: NAEA. (Reprinted from
       Studies in Art Education, 19 (1986), 34-39.)

Frequently Asked Questions for Citing Internet Materials

• What are the general guidelines for citing internet sources?
  • To the extent possible, information is provided just like it would be for a printed source.
  • Information identifying the electronic source is placed at the end. (The http address)
  • Date of retrieval is included. (date that you found the source yourself.)
  • Periods are omitted at the end of an Internet address, if that is the last element in the citation.
  • Avoid dividing an electronic address at the end of a line. If absolutely necessary, divide it at a slash (/) or before a period.
  • APA suggests that writers citing web items refer to a specific web documents rather than to a home page or a menu.
  • Strive to make sure that your web addresses are correct and that they work. Make sure you double check them.
  • If an internet document is undated, insert (n.d.) after the documents title.
  • E-mail messages may be cited in the text of a paper, but APA warns against listing them in the reference section because such messages are unrecoverable.

How Do I Cite...

• How do I cite an electronic book?

  Author's name. (Year.) Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher. Retrieved (date) from (source): web address
  
  Example:
  Humm, M. (1997). Feminism and film. Bloomington, IN: Edinburgh
       University Press. Retrieved October 20, 2001 from University of
       Wisconsin-Parkside Library, net Library Web site:
       http://www.netlibrary.com

• How do I cite a web site document that is identical to a printed document?

  (Cite as you would a printed source, followed by) Retrieved date of access (month, day, year) from (URL address)
  
  Example 1:
  Adams, R.G. (1937). Librarians as enemies of books. In D. Seasman (Ed.),
       The electronic text center. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia,
       1998. Retrieved January 7, 2000, from http://extex.lib/virginia.edu/
       modeng/modengA.html.

  Example 2:
  Freud, S. (1899/1911). The interpretation of dreams (3rd ed.). (A.A. Brill,
       Trans.). Retrieved January 21, 2000, from
       http://psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm

  Example 3:
  Cher (Cherilyn LaPiere Sarkisian). (2001). Cher. Biography.com. Retrieved
       January 2, 2002, from
       http://search.biography.com/print_record.pl?id=23190

• How do I cite an article that is based on a print document and is identical, but is the electronic version of the printed source? How do I cite a web site document that is similar, but not identical to a printed document?

  Identical, but electronic version:
  Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of
       school violence as "moral panic" [Electronic version]. Journal of Criminal
       Justice and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202.

  Similar, but not identical: Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of
       school violence as "moral panic." Journal of Criminal Justice and
       Popular Culture, 8, 186-202. Retrieved October 30, 2001, from
       http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is3/killingbeck.html

• How do I cite a daily newspaper article, an electronic version that is available by a search?

  Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper. Retrieved date, from web address.
  
  Example:
  Greenhouse, S., & Lipton, E. (2001, October 30). Possible anthrax case shuts
       New York hospital. New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2001, from
       http://www.nytimes.com

• How do I cite an article from an internet-only magazine?

  Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of internet magazine. Retrieved date, from web address.
  
  Example:
  Saletan, W. (2001, October 17). The powers of negative thinking. Slate.
       Retrieved October 20, 2001, from
       http://slate.msn.com/framegame/entries/01-10-17_117527.asp

• How do I cite a source from an internet-only journal?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume, Pages. Retrieval date, from web address
  
  Example:
  Kawasaki, J.L., & Raven, M.R. (1995). Computer-administered surveys in
       extension. Journal of Extension, 33, 252-255. Retrieved June 2, 1999,
       from http://joe.org/joe/index.html

• How do I cite an article from an internet-only newsletter?

  Author's name. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of newsletter, Volume, (issue number). Retrieval date, from web address
  
  Example:
  Wauftom, K.K. (1999, April). Dealing with anthrax. Telehealth News, 3(2).
       Retrieved December 16, 2000, from
       http://www.telehealth.net/subscribe/newsletter_5b.html#1

• How do I cite computer software?

  Individual with proprietary rights' name. (Year). Name of program (Version Number) [Computer software]. Place of publication: Publisher. (any other identifying material)
  
  Example:
  Arend, Dominic N. (1993). Choices (Version 4.0) [Computer software]. Champaign, IL: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Research Laboratory. (CERL Report No. CH7-22510)

  Note: If an individual(s) has proprietary rights to the software, their name(s) are listed at the head of the entry, last names first, followed by a period. Otherwise, treat such references as unauthored. Do not italize the title. Specify in brackets that the source is computer software, program, or language. List the location and the organization's name that produced the program. Add any necessary information for identifying the program (in this example, the report number) in parentheses at the entry's conclusion. Do not add a period at the end of the citation if it ends with a web site address.

• How do I cite a computer manual?

  Same as the entry in Question 53, except in brackets put "manual" instead of computer software.

• How do I cite just a plain old document I get from the internet?

  Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of document. Retrieval date, from web address
  
  Example:
  American Psychological Association. (1992, December 1 American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of
       Conduct. Retrieved October 30, 2001, from
       http://www.apa.prg/ethics/code.html

• How do I cite an internet technical or research report?

  Institution's name. (Year, Month). Title of report. Retrieval date, from name of web site, address of web site
  
  Example:
  University of California, San Francisco, Institute of Health and Aging. (1996,
       November). Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved
       September 9, 2000, from the Robert Wood Foundation Web site:
       http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrcare

• How do I cite a document that was created by a private organization?

  Name of Organization. (Year). Title of document. Retrieval date, from web address
  
  Example:
  Greater Hattiesburg Civic Awareness Group, Task Force on Sheltered
       Programs. (n.d.). Fund-raising efforts. Retrieved November 10, 2001,
       from http://www.hattiesburgcag.org

• How do I cite a document from a university program or department?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of document. Retrieval date, from University name and department: web address
  
  Example:
  McNeese, M.N. (2001). Using technology in educational settings. Retrieved
       October 13, 2001, from University of Southern Mississippi, Educational
       Leadership and Research Web site: http://www-dept.usm.edu/eda/

• How do I cite an e-mail, newsgroup, online forum, discussion group, or electronic mail list?

  Usually, personal communications, which are not archived, should not be included in reference lists and cited just within the text: Smith, Fred ("personal communication," January 21, 1999).

  If the communication is archived, it would be cited as:
       Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of message. Message posted to
       name of mailing list, archived at web address

  Example:
  Hammond, Tl (200, November 20). YAHC: Handle Parameters, DOI Genres,
       etc. Message posted to Ref-Links electronic mailing list, archived at
       http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/ref-link/msg00088.html

  If you must, for some reason, cite the personal communications, here are same examples to go by:

  • A personal e-mail, if you still have access to it:
    Author's name. (Year, month day). Subject of message [E-mail to receiver's name], [Online]. Available: email.
    
    Example:
    Corio, R. (1994, June 1). APA Guide deadline [e-mail to Margaret E.
         Sokolik], [Online]. Available: e-mail
  • Message posted to online forum or discussion group:
    Author or screen name. (Year, Month Day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address)
    
    Example:
    Jones, D.O. (2002, March 3). Geneology help [Msg 232]. Message posted
         to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/geneology/message/232
  • Message posted to an electronic mailing list:
    Author or screen name. (Year, Month Day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address)
    
    Example:
    Clarke, F. (2002, April 13). Hyponsis [Msg 334] Message posted to
         STUMPERS electronic mailing list, archived at
         http://www.umich.orgmail-archive/stumper-l/msg000334.htm
  • Message posted to a newsgroup:
    Author or screen name. (Year, Month Day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address)
    
    Example:
    Aquawoman. (2002, April3). Problems accessing information [Msg 21].
         Message posted to news://sci.psychology.hynosis
• How do I cite a web document that does not have a print document counterpart?

  Author's name (if any). (Date of electronic publication or update). Title of document (if there is no title, provide a [Description of content, in brackets]. Retrieved date of access (month, day, year) from web address
  
  Example 1:
  Tanner Computer Services. (1999, July 7). The world famous hot dog page.
       Retrieved January 7, 2002, from http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/hotdog.html

  Example 2:
  Kuo, H. (2001, October 14). [Home page]. Retrieved January 14, 2002, from
       http://www.tc.umn.edu/nlhome/g012/kuox0019/

• How do you cite aggregated databases?

  They are cited exactly like a normal printed source followed by the retrieval date and then 'from' the name of the database. (instead of a web address)
  
  Example:
  Dzau, V. J., & Creager, M.A. (1999). Chapter 247: Diseases of the aorta.
       Harrison's principles of internal medicine. Retrieved January 7, 2000,
       from Harrison's Online database.

• How do I cite an abstract on CD-ROM?

  Author, I. (date). Title of article [CD-ROM]. Title of Journal, Volume, page numbers. Abstract from: Source and retrieval number.

• How do I cite an internet government report?

  Sponsoring agency. (Date). Title. (Publication data). Retrieved [date] from [name of organization and URL]
  
  Example:
  U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal
       strategy is needed to guide investments. (Publication No.
       GAO/NSAID/HEHS-97-67). Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General
       Accounting Office Reports Online via GPA Access:
       http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/aces160.shtml?/goa/index.html

• How do I cite an internet Adobe Acrobat Document (PDF)?

  Author or sponsoring organization. (Date). Document title or name of Web page. Retrieved [date] from [pdf page] at [URL]
  
  Example:
  Harris Interactive Inc. (2002). Web@work survey 2002: Cyber-addiction in
       the workplace. Retrieved March 3, 2003, from page 3 at
       http://www.websense.com/company/news/research/webatwork2002.pdf

Frequently Asked Questions for Citing Dissertations, Theses, & Practicums

• Citing doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from UMI via the Digital Dissertation database:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, volume number (issue number), page number series letter (A or B). (UMI Number) Retrieved date retrieved from Digital Dissertations database.
  
  Example:
  Jitpraphai, S. (2001). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence
       from bank mergers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62 (9), 3134A.
       (UMI No. AAT 3025476) Retrieved June 22, 2002, from Digital
       Dissertations database.

• Citing a doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from UMI in print:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of publication. Dissertation Abstracts International, volume number (issue number), page number series letter (A or B). (UMI Number)
  
  Example:
  Cannon, C. (2001). Does moral education increase moral development? A
       reexamination of the moral reasoning abilities or working adult learners.
       Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 (12), 4851A. (UMI No. AAT
       9999321)

• Citing a doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained in print from a university:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of dissertation (Doctoral dissertation, name of institution, year of dissertation). Dissertation Abstracts International, volume number (issue number), page number series letter (A or B).
  
  Example:
  Bi, W. (2001). Knowledge discovery by attribute-oriented approach under
       directed acyclic concept graph (DACG) (Doctoral dissertation, Nova
       Southeastern University, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62
       (11), 5195B.

How Do I Cite...

• Citing an unpublished doctoral dissertation:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of dissertation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, institution, location.
  
  Example:
  Bernardi, R.A. (1990). Accounting pronouncements, firm size, and firm
       industry: Their effect on Altman's bankruptcy prediction model.
       Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

• Citing an unpublished doctoral practicum indexed in ERIC and retrieved online:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of dissertation. Unpublished doctoral practicum, institution, location. (ERIC Document No.) Retrieved, from database name.
  
  Example:
  Sanford, C.A. (1997). Working from within the classroom: Improving the
       delivery of speech-language services to kindergarten at-risk students.
       Unpublished doctoral practicum, Nova Southeastern University, Fort
       Lauderdale, FL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED420967)
       Retrieved December 21, 2001, from ERIC E-Subscribe database.

• Citing an unpublished doctoral applied dissertation available on university program or department web site, no date:

  Author's name. (n.d.). Title of dissertation. Unpublished doctoral name of document type, institution, city, state unless city name is also in name of institution. Retrieved date, from institution, department or program web site: URL
  
  Example:
  Matlak, K.L. (n.d.). Outcomes evaluation of the Technology Property
       Initiative at Collin County Community College. Unpublished doctoral
       applied dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
       Retrieved May 11, 2002, from Nova Southeastern University, Programs
       for Higer Education web site:
       http://www.nova.edu/phe/phe_resources/_online_documents.htm

• Citing an unpublished doctoral MARP:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of document. Unpublished doctoral name of document, name of institution, place.
  
  Example:
  Digby, K.E. (1985). A comparison of the characteristics of successful and
       non-successful associate degree nursing students. Unpublished doctoral
       major applied research project, Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

  Note: If this is indexed in ERIC, you also need the ERIC ID number. If you obtain it online, you will need to add the retrieval date.

• Citing an unpublished master's research project indexed in ERIC and retrieved online:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of project. Unpublished master's type of document, name of institution, place. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. Ed number) Retrieved date, from name of database followed by the word "database".
  
  Example:
  Brown, M. (2001). Increasing participation of female students in physical
       science class. Unpublished master's action research project, St. Xavier
       University, Smithtown, IL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
       ED455121) Retrieved December 24, 2001, from ERIC E-Subscribe
       database.

Frequently Asked Questions for Citing ERIC ED Documents

• What are some general guidelines to remember when citing ERIC documents?
  • ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) documents with ED accession numbers are usually, but not always, unpublished resources. If they are unpublished, you include the ED number in the citation.
  • Give the ERIC number is parentheses at the end of the entry unless the document was obtained full text online. In that case, the retrieval statement is last.
  • In cases of publications of limited circulation, the name and address of the publisher should be included in parentheses after the title and before the ERIC ED number.
  • Only documents such as ERIC digests that are actually obtained full text from the ERIC database should include a retrieval statement with ERIC as the source.
  • If journal articles or ERIC ED documents are indexed in ERIC, but are retrieved in another database, the retrieval statement needs to cite the database where the full text document was retrieved.
• Citing ERIC digest retrieved in full text in ERIC:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of document. Place of publication: Publisher. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED number) Retrieved date from Name of database and ending with the word "database".
  
  Example:
  McKay, K., & Sorenson, B. (1999). How to use ERIC to search your special
       education topic: Update 1999. ERIC Digest E573. Reston, VA: ERIC
       Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education. (ERIC Document
       Reproduction Service No. ED 434456) Retrieved December 12, 2001,
       from the ERIC database.

• Citing an unpublished conference paper indexed in ERIC:

  Note: Cite as you would a printed conference paper that was not published and that was indexed in ERIC.
  
  Example:
  Parks, W., & Odom, S.L. (2000, June-July). Reflections on community-based
       inclusive preschools. Paper presented at the Head Start National Research
       Conference, Washington, DC. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
       No. ED450938)

• Citing an unpublished conference paper indexed in ERIC and retrieved from a web site:

  Note: Cite as you would printed conference paper that was not published, followed by: Retrieved date name of database and ending with the word "database".
  
  Example:
  Clay, D. (1998, April). WWW.2CHEAT.COM. Paper contributed to the
       Teaching in the Community Colleges Online Conference (3rd), Honolulu,
       HI. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED450824) Retrieved
       December 23, 2001, from http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu.tcom98/rooks.html

• Citing an ERIC document with limited circulation information:

  Author's name. (Year). If no author, title of the document first [Medium info if appropriate]. (Year of publication if no author). (Name and mailing address where can obtain publication. A web address may also be used in place of, or in addition to, address.) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED number)
  
  Example 1:
  Enhancing education through technology: New tools to close the achievement
       gap. Satellite town meeting #79: May 15, 2001. [Videotape]. (2001).
       (Available from ED Pubs, P.O. Box 1398, Jessup, MD, 20794-1398)
       (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED435672)

  Example 2:
  Education Development Center. (2001). Districts on the move: Unified
       student service in Boston public school: Building a continuum of service
       through standards-based reform. (National Institute from Urban School
       Improvement, Education Development Center, Inc., 55 Chapel Street,
       Newton, MA, 02458.) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
       ED455329)

• Citing a CD-ROM indexed in ERIC:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of CD-ROM. [Medium]. (Availability information) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED number)
  
  Example:
  Pacific Resources for Education and Learning. (2001). Art of the Pacific
       Islands [CD-ROM]. (Available from Pacific Resources for Education and
       Learning, 1099 Alakea Street, 25th floor, Honolulu, HI 96813-4513)
       (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED422222)

• Citing a government report indexed in ERIC:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of report (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher or agency of publication. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED number) Include retrieval statement if full text of document was retrieved online.
  
  Example:
  Hoffman, L.M. (2001). Key statistics on public elementary and secondary
       schools and agencies: School year 1997-98. Survey report (NCES-2001-
       304R). Washington, DC: National Center for Educational Statistics.
       (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED452279) Retrieved
       December 23, 2001, from ERIC E-Subscribe database.

• Citing a data file, available from ERIC Clearinghouse web site:

  Name of clearinghouse. (Year). Title of document [Data file]. Available from place to obtain cited material web site: URL
  
  Example:
  ERIC Clearinghouse for Assessment and Evaluation. (2002). Data
       coordination/standard work groups status reports [Data File]. Available
       from National Center for Research Web site: http://cresst96.cse.ucla.edu/

Frequently Asked Questions about Citing Proceedings

• Citing a published conference paper in conference proceedings:

  Author's name. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor (first initial, last name) (Ed.) Title of conference proceedings (page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Gibson, C.C. (1995). Impact of the larger social context on the distance
       learner. International Council for Distance Education: One world many
       voices: Quality in open and distance learning (pp. 279-282). Chicago:
       Milton Keynes.

• Citing a conference paper published in a journal:

  Format like a journal article retrieved at online web site
  
  Example:
  Campbell, C. (1998, August). Quality assessment in distance education.
       Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, 507-510.
       Retrieved March 22, 2002, from
       http://www.CDTL.org/index/disted/12333.htm

• Citing an unpublished conference paper:

  Author. (Year, month). Title of paper. Paper presented at name of conference, city, state.
  
  Example:
  Matins, J. R. (1999, April). Working with the terminally ill: An integrated
       theoretical model. Paper presented at the American Counseling
       Association World Conference, San Diego, CA.

• Citing an unpublished conference paper indexed in ERIC and retrieved in a full text online database:

  Parks, W., & Odom, S.L. (2000, June-July). Reflections on community-based
       inclusive preschools. Paper presented at the Head Start National Research
       Conference, Washington, DC. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service
       No. ED450938) Retrieved date, from name of database.

• Citing a conference paper presented at a virtual conference:

  Author. (Year). Title of conference paper. Paper presented at the Name of the conference. Retrieved date of access, from URL [There is no geographic location, page numbers, or month]
  
  Example:
  Steinbrecker, D. (2002). The care and feeding of an online instructional site.
       Paper presented at the Distance Education virtual conference. Retrieved
       July 14, 2002, from http://www.umuc.au/conference/disted/care.html

Frequently Asked Questions about Citing Government Reports

• What are the basic citing guidelines for government documents?

  Government publications are written by federal bureaucrats and printed, not published, by the Government Printing Office. Very often these publications will not follow a standard title page arrangement and some publishing elements will be eliminated. However, use the following citation example to find as many elements as possible and arrange them as shown:
  
  Example:
  Author (Agency). Title, edition, statement. Place of publication: Publisher,
       Date. (Series elements). (Notes). [If including Superintendent of
       Documents number, enter in notes]

Issuing Agency as Author (Questions 87-89)

• Citing a single issuing agency:

  U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Home Safety Tips: You Can
       Keep Your Baby Safe. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995.

• Citing different bureaucratic levels:

  Note: Each agency usually has many bureaucratic levels. Use the "parent" agency and the lowest level given as author.

  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health
       Statistics. Disability Among Older Persons: United States and Canada.
       Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995. (HE 20.6209:5/8).

• Citing a well known agency:

  Note: Some lower levels of agencies can be well-known on their own. You may choose to eliminate the "parent" as part of the author.

  U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI Mission: To Uphold the Law.      Washington: Government Printing Office, 1990.

Congress as Author

• Citing hearings:

  U.S. House. Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities. Child
       Care and Child Welfare Hearing, 3 February 1995. Washington:
       Government Printing Office, 1995.

• Citing committee prints:

  U.S. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Managing the Public's
       Business: Federal Government Corporations. (S. Prt. 104-18).
       Washington: Government Printing Office, 1995.

• Citing reports:

  U.S. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Franklin D.
       Roosevelt's Family Lands: Report Together with Minority Views (to
       accompany S. 134). (S. Rpt.104-32). Washington: Government Printing
       Office, 1995.

Citing Legal Publications

• Citing Statutes at Large:

  "Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994." (P.L. 103-78), United
       States Statutes at Large. 107 Stat. 2024.

• Citing U.S. Reports:

  Burns v. Reed, 500 U.S. Reports 500 pp. 478-506.

• Citing Federal Register:

  "Suspension of Community Eligibility, Final Rule." Federal Register 60:210
       (31 October 1995) p. 55329.

• Citing the Code of Federal Regulations:

  "Application for Temporary Certificates in Cases of Emergency." Code of
       Federal Regulations Title 18, Pt. 157.17, 1995 ed.

• Citing the Census of Population and Housing:

  U.S. Census of Population and Housing, 1990: Summary Population and
       Housing Characteristics: Tennessee. Washington: Government Printing
       Office, 1991.

• Citing the Statistical Abstract of the United States:

  Statistical Abstract of the United States 1997. 117th ed. Washington:
       Government Printing Office, 1997.

Citing State Data Center Publications

• Citing State Data Center Publications:

  Tennessee. State Data Center. Tennessee Selected Social Characteristics: 1990
       (1990 Census of Population and Housing: Summary Tape File 3A).
       Nashville, 1992.

Citing Microform Collections

• Citing the American Statistics Index (ASI):

  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1992 AFDC Recipient
       Characteristics Study. Washington: The Department, 1994. (1994 ASI
       microfiche 4584-7).

• Citing the Statistical Reference Index (SRI):

  Delaware. Department of Labor. Snapshot Delaware 93. Newark: Delaware
       Department of Labor, 1994.(1994 SRI Microfiche S1405-4).

• Citing the Major Studies & Issue Briefs of the Congressional Research Service Index (CRSI):

  U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Shared Housing:
       A Possible Alternative for Housing the Elderly? by Susan Vanhorenbeck.
       Washington: The Service, 1983. (1983/84 CRSI Reel 10, Frame 681).

Basic Citation form for Tangible Sources

Note: A citation to data or full-text documents from such files on CD-ROM or floppies should include, as applicable, the issuing agency, title, statements of responsibility for production, medium designation, edition statement, place of publication, producer, and date.

• Citing form for Tangible Sources:

  Author. Title, edition statement [TYPE OF MEDIUM]. Place of publication: Producer, Date.
  
  Example 1:
       U.S. Geological Service. MudView++. [DISKETTE]. Washington:
       Government Printing Office, 1994.

  Example 2:
  U.S. Bureau of the Census. Census of Population and Housing, 1990:
       Summary Tape File 3A: Tennessee. CD-ROM. Washington: The Bureau,
       [1992].

  Example 3:
  U.S. International Trade Administration. Market Research Reports: France-
       Euro Disney. 1992. In U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of Business
       Analysis. The National Trade Data Bank: The Export Connection CD-
       ROM. Washington: Government Printing Office, February, 1992.

Basic Citing form for Online Government Sources

• Citing form for Online Government Sources:

  Author. Title (edition), TYPE OF MEDIUM. Date of publication. Supplier. Available: Uniform Resource Locator . [Access date].
  
  Example:
  U.S. Bureau of the Census. Poverty Areas. ONLINE. 1995. Census Bureau.
       Dec. 1995].

Citing for Individual Titles within Searchable Databases

• Citing the Federal Register:

  "Protection of Historic Properties." 64 Federal Register (18 May. 1999).
       ONLINE. Available:
       http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/aces140.html [26 Feb. 2000].

• Citing Congressional Records:

  Ford, Rep. [TN]. "Tribute to Rhodes College Mock Trial Team."
       Congressional Record ONLINE 25 May 1995. Thomas. Available:
       http://thomas.loc.gov/home/r104query.html [3 March 1999].

• Citing Congressional Bills:

  U.S. House. 104th Congress, 1st Session. H.R. 1950, Newborns' and Mothers'
       Health Protection Act of 1995. ONLINE. GPO Access. Available:
       http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/cong009.html [8 June 1995].

• Citing GAO Reports:

  U.S. General Accounting Office. Homeland Security: Progress Made; More
       Direction and Partnership Sought. ONLINE. GPO Access. 12 March
       2002. Available: http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/aces160.shtml
       [3 May 2002].

• Citing U.S. Code:

  Abandoned Shipwrecks (2000). Title 43 U.S. Code, Ch. 39 ONLINE. GPO
       Access. Available: http://www.access.gpo.gov/congress/cong013.html [2
       May 2001].

• Citing Patents:

  Example 1:
  Apple tree "Vermont Gold," by W.H. Luginbuhl. (1991, August 13). Patent
       PP7618 [Online]. Available: NEXIS Library: PATENT File: PLANT

  Example 2:
  Lawn mower, by Jung-Chang Jong (2002, May 13). D457897 [Online].
       Available: http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/search-bool.html

Citing Government Reports

• Citing a report available from the Government Printing Office (GPO) with a government institute as group author:

  Author. (Year). Title of report (Report number). Location: Publisher or agency.
  
  Example:
  Shafer, L. (1999). Data sources on lifelong learning available from the
       National Center for Education Statistics (GPO No: ED 1.310/2/:431892).
       Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

• Citing a report available from the ERIC:

  Author. (Year). Title of publication (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED number)
  
  Example:
  Schafer, L. L. (1999). Data sources on lifelong learning available from the
       National Center for Education Statistics. Work paper series (NCES-WP-
       1999-11). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
       (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED431892)

• Citing a government report not available from the GPO or ERIC:

  Author (or treat the government department, office, agency, or institute that produced the report as corporate author. If the organization that produced the report is not well known, precede with the higher organization). (Year). Title of publication (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  Health, Services, and Human Services Division, General Accounting Office.
       (1998). Suicide prevention: Efforts to increase research and education in
       palliative care. Report to congressional requesters (GAO/HEHS-98-128).
       Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. (ERIC Document
       Reproduction Service No. ED420832)

• Citing an electronic version of U.S. government report available from GPO Access database on the Web (aggregated database):

  See format in previous citation. Retrieved date of access, from name of agency via name of database: URL
  
  Example:
  Lewis, L., & Farris, E. (1996). Remedial education at higher education
       institutions in fall 1995 (GPO No: ED 1.328/5:R 28). Washington, DC: U.
       S. Department of Education. Retrieved June 20, 2002, from General
       Accounting Office Reports online via GPO Access:
       http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs
       /aces/aces160.shtml?/gao/index.html

• Citing a U.S. government report available on government agency web site:

  Name of agency. (Year). Title of document (Report number). Retrieved date of access, from URL.
  
  Example:
  National Center for Higher Education. (2002). Statistical analysis report:
       Higher education (NCES 97-584). Retrieved June 22, 2002, from
       http://nces.ed.gov/pubs/97584.html

Frequently Asked Questions about Citing Unusual Sources

• How do I cite a course lecture?

  Name of lecturer. (Date). Title of lecture. Location given.
  
  Example:
  Applebee, F. (1993, January). Reducing the federal deficit. Lecture delivered
       at Dartmouth College at the Rockefeller Symposium, Dartmouth College,
       Hanover, NH.

• How do I cite graphical materials?

  Usually you place the full citation directly beneath the reproduced graphical material (picture) starting with the left hand margin. Begin your citation with "Source", followed by a colon, then complete the citation. If you reproduce the essential character of the graphic, yet change its style and content, you must also cite the original, beginning your citation with words like "From", "Modified from", "Adapted from", of "After".
  
  Example:
  Source: Lynch, P.J., & Horton, S. (1999). Web style guide: Basic design
       principles for creating web sites. New Haven: Yale University Press.
       (Reproduced by permission of Yale University Press).

• How do I cite a documentary?

  Marx, G. (Producer) and Anderson, G. (Director). (1998). The rules of
       depression [Film]. (Available from Dartmouth Medical School Films,
       Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755)

• How do I cite a source that's on microfilm or microfiche?

  Microfilm:
  Rhodes, M. (2001). Bio-terrorism expert warns of crises to come. Valley
       News, 19 Sept. 2001: A1-2.

  Microfiche:
  Newsbank: Social Problems 12 (2001): fiche 5, grids 8-11.

• How do I cite court cases?

  Colorado State University vs. Hallahan, 235 U.S. 254 (1995).

• How do I cite a map in a book?

  Map Author if known. Title of Map [map]. Scale if given. In: Book Author.
  Title of Book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher, page number.
  
  Example:
  Baum, F. L. The Yellow Brick Road [map]. Scale not given. In: F. L. Baum.
       The wizard of oz. (1938). Kansas City: Munchkin Inc., 32.

• How do I site a map in a periodical article?

  Map Author if known. Title of Map [map]. Scale if given. In: Article
  Author. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, volume, page.
  
  Example:
  Verne, J. The bottom of the sea [map]. ½" = 20 leagues. In: J. Verne. (1852).
       Fantastic Voyage, Travel and leisure, 56, 127.

• How do I cite a map or plate in an atlas?

  Map Author if known. Title of Map [map]. Scale if given. In: Author of
  atlas. Title of Atlas. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher, page number.
  
  Example:
  Sin city [map]. 1:62,500. In: D. Alighieri. The under-world atlas. (1298).
       Hades: Firestorm Press, 13.

• How do I cite an atlas?

  Author. (Year). Title of atlas. Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  National Geographic Society. (1999). Atlas of the world. Washington, DC:
       National Geographic Society.

• How do I cite a topographic series, print format?

  Author. (Year). Sheet title from series [format]. Scale. Series, number. Place of publication: Publisher.
  
  Example:
  U.S. Geological Survey. (1971). Eastford quadrangle, Connecticut [map].
       1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington, D.C.: USGS.

• How do I cite a static digital map?

  Author. (Year). Map title. Scale. "Title of complete document or site". Date posted, if known. Computer Database Title. Retrieved date from URL
  
  Example:
  Delaware, Ohio [map]. (1885). Scale not given. "Sanborn Fire Insurance
       Maps, 1867-1970-Ohio". OhioLINK Digital Media Center. Retrieved
       February 6, 2002, from
       http://dmc.ohiolink.edu/Sanborn/Details?oid=Reel28-6674-
       00001&sessionID=1553770565&format=list&results=20&sort=date&
       searchstatus=1&hits=136&count=2

• How do I cite an interactive reference map?

  Author or statement of responsibility. (Year). Map title [map]. Scale; name of person who generated map; name of software used to generate map or "title of the complete document or site". Retrieved from, URL
  
  Example:
  Delaware, Ohio [map]. (2001). Scale unknown; generated by D. Peoples;
       using "MapQuest.com, Inc." Retrieved February 6, 2002, from
       http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?country=US&address=&city=
       &state=&zipcode=43015&homesubmit.x=50&homesubmit.y=12

• How do I cite an interactive thematic map?

  Author or statement of responsibility. (Year). Map title [map]. Scale; name of person who generated map; name of software used to generate map or "title of the complete document or site". Retrieved from, URL
  
  Example:
  U.S. Census Bureau. (1990). Merced, California, 1990 household size [map].
       1:91,302; generated by D. Peoples; using 1998 TIGER/Line. Retrieved
       February 7, 2002, from http://tiger.census.gov/cgi-bin/mapbrowse-tbl/

• How do I cite a real time image?

  Author or statement of responsibility. (Year). Title [format]. Date produced and time if known. Scale. "Title of complete document or site". Retrieved date from, URL
  
  Example:
  Ohio Wesleyan University. (2002, February 7). Ohio wesleyan university
       [image]. 7 February 2002. Scale not given. "The JAYwalkCAM".
       Retrieved February 7, 2002, from http://jaywalkcam.owu.edu/

• How do I cite a real time map?

  Author or statement of responsibility. (Year). Title [format]. Date produced and time if known. Scale. "Title of complete document or site". Retrieved date from, URL
  
  Example:
  Arizona Department of Transportation. (2002, February 6). Current phoenix
       freeway conditions [map]. February 6, 2002, 1:5:07:20. Scale not given.
       "Arizona Department of Transportation." Retrieved February 6, 2002,
       from http://www.azfms.com/Travel/freeway.html

• How do I cite anything to do with comic books?

  There are many different citing examples for citing different aspects of comic books. Because of the abundance of citing examples that can be given, a great site that lists them all is the following:
  
  http://www.sp/uconn.edu/~epk93002/CAC/cite.html

• How do I cite letters?

  Like unpublished interviews, letters do not need to be listed in the reference page. Instead, cite the information in the text of your document, according to the following format:
  (First initial, last name of author, letter, date)
  
  Example:
  (C. Jones, letter, June 6, 1984)

• How do I cite films and videotapes?

  Example:
  Weir, P.B. (Producer), & Harrison, B.F. (Director). (1992). Levels of
       consciousness [Videotape]. Boston, MA: Filmways.

• How do I cite television or radio programs?

  Producer name & director name. (Air date). Title of program [Television program or Radio program]. Place of broadcast: Channel Call Letters.
  
  Example:
  Keillor, G. (Producer), & Smith, L. (Director). (2 October 1993). A prairie
       home companion [Radio program]. St. Louis, MO: KMOX.

• How do I cite recordings?

  Example:
  McFerrin, B. (Vocalist). (1990). Medicine music [Cassette recording].
       Hollywood, CA: EMI-USA.

• How do I cite artistic works?

  Example:
  Van Gogh, V. (Artist). (1888). Entrance to the public gardens in Arles
       [Painting]. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

• How do I cite performances (concerts, theatrical, etc)?

  Example:
  Taylor, J. (Vocalist). (1 October 1993). James Taylor live: 1993 concert tour
       [Concert]. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Assembly Hall.

• How do I cite an eBook?

  Author's name. (Year). Title [Online]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Name of site retrieved. Retrieval date.
  
  Example:
  Wells, A. (1999). The Tillamook [Online]. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State
       University Press. NetLibrary. 22 May 2001.

• How do I cite a pamphlet or brochure?

  Example:
  National Cancer Institute. (2002, June). Cancer Research - because lives
       depend on it [Brochure]. Bethesda, MD: Author.

• How do I cite an annual report?

  Example:
  Home Depot. (2001). Home Depot 2000 Annual Report. Atlanta, GA:
       Author.

• How do I cite a monograph with issue number and serial (whole) number?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of monograph. Title of monograph series, Volume number (Issue number, Serial number [or whole number]).
  
  Example:
  Scott, J.P. (1976). The process of primary socialization in canine and human
       infants. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 28
       (1, Serial No. 189).

• How do I cite a monograph that is a supplement to a journal?

  Example:
  Parsons Project in Language and Communication of Mentally Retarded
       Children. (1963). Language studies of mentally retarded children; a report.
       Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders Monograph Supplement, 10.

• How do I cite a monograph that is bound into a journal?

  Author's name. (Year). Title of monograph [Monograph]. Title of journal,
  Volume number, page numbers.

• How do I cite a poster session?

  Presenter's name. (Year, Month of presentation). Title of poster session.
  Poster session presented at name of organization and place of presentation.

• How do I cite court decisions?

  Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Location and date).
  
  Example:
  Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390 (S.Ct. 625 1923).

• How do I cite statutes?

  Name of Act, Volume Source Section Number (Year).
  
  Example:
  Farm Credit Act. 42 U.S.C.A. sec. para. 410 (1959).

• How do I cite enacted bills and resolutions?

  Resolution number, Congress number, number of congressional session, volume source page (Year).
  
  Example:
  S. Res. 223, 103d Cong., 2nd Sess., 140 Cong. Rec. 6871 (1993).

• How do I cite an executive order?

  Executive Order Number, Volume number of Code of Federal Regulations C.F.R. Pages (Year).
  
  Example:
  Exec. Order No. 12149, 3 C.F.R. 420-22 (1979).

• How do I cite a book review?

  Reviewer's name. (Year of review). Title of review [Review of the book title of book being reviewed]. Title of the periodical in which the review is published, Volume, Page numbers.
  
  Example:
  Rose, T. (1998, February 24). Blues sisters [Review of the book Blues
       legacies and black feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and
       Billie Holiday]. Village Voice, 8, 139-141.

• How do I cite a movie/film review?

  Reviewer's name. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film title of the film]. Title of magazine in which review is found, Volume number, pages.
  
  Example:
  Maslin, J. (2001, December 11). Shakespeare saw a therapist? [Review of the
       movie Shakespeare in love]. The New York Times, p. E16.